期刊名称：International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy
电子版ISSN：2146-4553
出版年度：2014
卷号：4
期号：3
页码：411-419
语种：English
出版社：EconJournals
摘要：This paper analyzes the relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of fifteen European Union countries over the period 1990-2011 within a multivariate framework. The heterogeneous panel cointegration tests present a long-run equilibrium relationship between real GDP, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and research and development. The Granger-causality results demonstrate unidirectional causality between non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Keywords: renewable energy consumption; non-renewable energy consumption; growth JEL Classifications: C23; O11; O13
