期刊名称：Voces Novae: Chapman University Historical Review
出版年度：2014
卷号：6
期号：1
语种：English
出版社：Voces Novae: Chapman University Historical Review
摘要：The 1906 San Francisco earthquake is infamous for decimating the city and leaving a quarter of a million people homeless. Afterwards, the American Red Cross redefined “relief” in its efforts to help San Francisco’s refugees, and it tested its new progressive relief methods within the refugee camps. Previously, the charity organization advocated personal involvement and moral evaluation of disaster victims; relief was viewed as feminine and subjective. After the earthquake, officials sought to make relief more efficient, masculine, and objective through favoring victims who were already self-supporting. Refugees who contested progressive views were derided as socialists. Ultimately, conflicting definitions of relief in the refugee camps shaped the way relief was practiced in the United States.
