标题：Historical and contemporary trends in competitive balance in the Commonwealth Games. [Las tendencias históricas y contemporáneas en el equilibrio competitivo en los Juegos de la Commonwealth].
期刊名称：RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte. doi:10.5232/ricyde
印刷版ISSN：1885-3137
出版年度：2014
卷号：10
期号：35
页码：75-88
语种：English
出版社：Ramón Cantó Alcaraz (Publisher)
摘要：Studies of competitive balance in sport have considered primarily professional leagues and team sports. This paper investigates trends in competitive balance in a multi-sport event context – the Commonwealth Games – using three distinct indicators. The investigation demonstrated that the Games have become significantly less competitive overall between 1930 and 2010 (p < 0.01) according to two indicators – the percentage of nations to win a medal point and the coefficient of variation in nations' market share (medal points won divided by medals points available). Conversely, one indicator – Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (the sum of the squares of nations' market shares in a given edition) – revealed that there has been a strong, albeit insignificant, improvement in the overall standard of the competition over the last twenty years (p > 0.10). Events contested by 'men only' were found to be the most balanced relative to both 'women only' and 'mixed / open' events across all indicators. Boxing and athletics emerged as the most balanced sports compared with diving, cycling, swimming and, to a lesser extent, weightlifting. The findings are of value to competition authorities to determine whether to implement corrective measures in order to maintain or improve competitive balance. Resumen Los estudios sobre equilibrio competitivo en deporte han considerado principalmente ligas profesionales y deportes de equipo. Esta investigación analiza las tendencias en el equilibrio competitivo en un contexto de un evento multideportivo: Los Juegos de la Commonwealth, empleando para ello tres indicadores diferentes. Así, los resultados muestran que el nivel competitivo de los Juegos ha decrecido globalmente entre 1930 y 2010 (p<0.01) de acuerdo a dos indicadores: el porcentaje de naciones que han ganado una medalla y el coeficiente de variación en la cuota de mercado de los países (medallas ganadas entre las medallas disponibles). Por otra parte, el indicador de Herfindhal-Hirschman, que refleja la suma de los cuadrados de las cuotas de mercado de los países en una edición determinada, sugiere que ha habido una mejora, aunque insignificante, en el nivel competitivo global en los últimos 20 años (p>0.10). Los eventos en los que competían hombres únicamente han estado más equilibrados con respecto a los de mujeres o los mixtos, y este resultado se refleja en los tres indicadores. El boxeo y el atletismo han sido los deportes más equilibrados, comparados con los saltos de trampolín, el ciclismo, la natación y, en menor medida, la halterofilia. Estos resultados proporcionan una valiosa fuente de información para la gestión de los Juegos, en aras de implementar medidas correctivas para mantener o mejorar el equilibrio de la competición. Palabras clave: equilibrio competitivo; alto rendimiento; eventos multideportivos, incertidumbre en el resultado. http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2014.03506 ------------------------------------------------------------------ References/referencias Balmer, N.J.; Nevill, A.M., & Williams M. (2001). Home advantage in the Winter Olympics (1908-1998). Journal of Sports Sciences , 19, 129-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404101300036334 PMid:11217011 Balmer N.J.; Nevill A.M., & Williams M. (2003). Modelling home advantage in the Summer Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Sciences , 2003(2), 469-478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000101890 PMid:12846534 Bernard A, & Busse M. (2004). Who wins the Olympic Games? Economic resources and medal totals. Review of Economics and Statistics , 6(1), 413-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465304774201824 Booth, R. (2005). Comparing Competitive Balance in Australian Sports Leagues: Does a Salary Cap and Player Draft Measure Up? Sport Management Review , 8(2), 119-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70036-X Brandes, L.. & Franck, E. (2007). Who made who? An empirical analysis of competitive balance in European soccer leagues. Eastern Economic Journal , 33(3), 379-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/eej.2007.32 De Bosscher, V.; De Knop, P.; Van Bottenburg. M., & Shibli, S. (2006). A conceptual framework for analysing sport policy factors leading to international sporting success. European Sport Management Quarterly , 6, 185-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184740600955087 Du Bois, C., & Heyndels, B. (2007). It's a different game you go to watch: competitive balance in men's and women's tennis. European Sport Management Quarterly , 7(2), 167-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184740701353349 Meehan, J.; Nelson, R., & Richardson, T. (2007). Competitive balance and game attendance in Major League Baseball. Journal of Sports Economics , 8, 563-580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002506296545 Owen, P. D. (2010). Limitations of the relative standard deviation of win percentages for measuring competitive balance in sports leagues. Economics Letters , 109(1), 38-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.07.012 Owen, P.D.; Ryan, M., & Weatherston, C.R. (2007). Measuring competitive balance in professional team sports using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. Review of Industrial Organization , 31(4), 289-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11151-008-9157-0 Ramchandani, G., & Wilson, D. (2012). India's performance in the Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games: expected or otherwise? Managing Leisure , 17 (2-3), 257-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2012.674398 Szymanski, S. (2003). The economic design of sporting contests. Journal of Economic Literature , 41(4), 1137-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/002205103771800004 Williams, P. (2012). Any given Saturday: competitive balance in elite English rugby union. Managing Leisure , 17(2-3), 88-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2012.674388 --------------------------------------------------------------------
其他摘要：Studies of competitive balance in sport have considered primarily professional leagues and team sports. This paper investigates trends in competitive balance in a multi-sport event context – the Commonwealth Games – using three distinct indicators. The investigation demonstrated that the Games have become significantly less competitive overall between 1930 and 2010 (p < 0.01) according to two indicators – the percentage of nations to win a medal point and the coefficient of variation in nations' market share (medal points won divided by medals points available). Conversely, one indicator – Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (the sum of the squares of nations' market shares in a given edition) – revealed that there has been a strong, albeit insignificant, improvement in the overall standard of the competition over the last twenty years (p > 0.10). Events contested by 'men only' were found to be the most balanced relative to both 'women only' and 'mixed / open' events across all indicators. Boxing and athletics emerged as the most balanced sports compared with diving, cycling, swimming and, to a lesser extent, weightlifting. The findings are of value to competition authorities to determine whether to implement corrective measures in order to maintain or improve competitive balance.Resumen Los estudios sobre equilibrio competitivo en deporte han considerado principalmente ligas profesionales y deportes de equipo. Esta investigación analiza las tendencias en el equilibrio competitivo en un contexto de un evento multideportivo: Los Juegos de la Commonwealth, empleando para ello tres indicadores diferentes. Así, los resultados muestran que el nivel competitivo de los Juegos ha decrecido globalmente entre 1930 y 2010 (p<0.01) de acuerdo a dos indicadores: el porcentaje de naciones que han ganado una medalla y el coeficiente de variación en la cuota de mercado de los países (medallas ganadas entre las medallas disponibles). Por otra parte, el indicador de Herfindhal-Hirschman, que refleja la suma de los cuadrados de las cuotas de mercado de los países en una edición determinada, sugiere que ha habido una mejora, aunque insignificante, en el nivel competitivo global en los últimos 20 años (p>0.10). Los eventos en los que competían hombres únicamente han estado más equilibrados con respecto a los de mujeres o los mixtos, y este resultado se refleja en los tres indicadores. El boxeo y el atletismo han sido los deportes más equilibrados, comparados con los saltos de trampolín, el ciclismo, la natación y, en menor medida, la halterofilia. Estos resultados proporcionan una valiosa fuente de información para la gestión de los Juegos, en aras de implementar medidas correctivas para mantener o mejorar el equilibrio de la competición. Palabras clave: equilibrio competitivo; alto rendimiento; eventos multideportivos, incertidumbre en el resultado.http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2014.03506------------------------------------------------------------------References/referenciasBalmer, N.J.; Nevill, A.M., & Williams M. (2001). Home advantage in the Winter Olympics (1908-1998). Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, 129-139.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404101300036334PMid:11217011 Balmer N.J.; Nevill A.M., & Williams M. (2003). Modelling home advantage in the Summer Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2003(2), 469-478.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000101890PMid:12846534 Bernard A, & Busse M. (2004). Who wins the Olympic Games? Economic resources and medal totals. Review of Economics and Statistics, 6(1), 413-417.http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/003465304774201824Booth, R. (2005). Comparing Competitive Balance in Australian Sports Leagues: Does a Salary Cap and Player Draft Measure Up? Sport Management Review, 8(2), 119-143.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(05)70036-XBrandes, L.. & Franck, E. (2007). Who made who? An empirical analysis of competitive balance in European soccer leagues. Eastern Economic Journal, 33(3), 379-403.http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/eej.2007.32De Bosscher, V.; De Knop, P.; Van Bottenburg. M., & Shibli, S. (2006). A conceptual framework for analysing sport policy factors leading to international sporting success. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6, 185-215.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184740600955087Du Bois, C., & Heyndels, B. (2007). It's a different game you go to watch: competitive balance in men's and women's tennis. European Sport Management Quarterly, 7(2), 167-185.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16184740701353349Meehan, J.; Nelson, R., & Richardson, T. (2007). Competitive balance and game attendance in Major League Baseball. Journal of Sports Economics, 8, 563-580.http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002506296545Owen, P. D. (2010). Limitations of the relative standard deviation of win percentages for measuring competitive balance in sports leagues. Economics Letters, 109(1), 38-41.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.07.012Owen, P.D.; Ryan, M., & Weatherston, C.R. (2007). Measuring competitive balance in professional team sports using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. Review of Industrial Organization, 31(4), 289-302.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11151-008-9157-0Ramchandani, G., & Wilson, D. (2012). India's performance in the Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games: expected or otherwise? Managing Leisure, 17 (2-3), 257-273.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2012.674398Szymanski, S. (2003). The economic design of sporting contests. Journal of Economic Literature, 41(4), 1137-87.http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/002205103771800004Williams, P. (2012). Any given Saturday: competitive balance in elite English rugby union. Managing Leisure, 17(2-3), 88-105.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13606719.2012.674388--------------------------------------------------------------------
关键词：competition;elite performance;multi-sport events;uncertainty of outcome;equilibrio competitivo;alto rendimiento;eventos multideportivos; incertidumbre en el resultado.;competition;elite performance;multi-sport events;uncertainty of outcome;equilibrio competitivo;alto rendimiento;eventos multideportivos; incertidumbre en el resultado.
其他关键词：competition; elite performance; multi-sport events; uncertainty of outcome; equilibrio competitivo; alto rendimiento; eventos multideportivos, incertidumbre en el resultado.
