标题：Offset Risk Minimization for Open-loop Optimal Control of Oil Reservoirs * * This project is financially supported by The Danish Advanced Technology Foundation (OPTION; 63-2013-3)
摘要：AbstractSimulation studies of oil field water flooding have demonstrated a significant potential of optimal control technology to improve industrial practices. However, real-life applications are challenged by unknown geological factors that make reservoir models highly uncertain. To minimize the associated financial risks, the oil literature has used ensemble-based methods to manipulate the net present value (NPV) distribution by optimizing sample estimated risk measures. In general, such methods successfully reduce overall risk. However, as this paper demonstrates, ensemble-based control strategies may result in individual profit outcomes that perform worse than real-life dominating strategies. This poses significant financial risks to oil companies whose main concern is to avoid unacceptable low profits. To remedy this, this paper proposesoffset risk mimimization. Unlike existing methodology, the offset method uses the NPVoffsetdistribution to minimize riskrelativeto a competing reference strategy. Open-loop simulations of a 3D two-phase synthetic reservoir demonstrate the potential of offset risk minimization to significantly improve the worst case profit offset relative to real-life best practices. The results suggest that it may be more relevant to consider the NPV offset distribution than the NPV distribution when minimizing risk in production optimization.
