标题：Learning design to facilitate interactive behaviours in Team Sports. [Diseños de aprendizaje para favorecer las interacciones en los deportes de equipo].
期刊名称：RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte. doi:10.5232/ricyde
印刷版ISSN：1885-3137
出版年度：2015
卷号：11
期号：39
页码：18-32
语种：English
出版社：Ramón Cantó Alcaraz (Publisher)
摘要：This opinion piece aims to describe the process of learning in team sports, with a rationale in ecological dynamics sustained on the interactive nature of performance in that context. The first part of this article focuses on the information variables that discriminate affordances (invitations for action), supporting the emergence of anticipatory behaviours. Here we note that affordances emerge at different time scales of performance, with clear implications for planning and designing practice sessions. Acquiring interactive skills in team sports and perceiving information variables of relevance during performance is strictly connected to the concept of representative task design. In the applied section of this paper we show how the constraints-based approach is a suitable tool to create representative learning environments that produce changes in players' interactive behaviours over short and long time scales. Resumen Este artículo de opinión tiene como objetivo describir el proceso de aprendizaje en los deportes de equipo fundamentado en una dinámica ecológica, sustentada en la naturaleza interactiva del rendimiento en ese contexto. La primera parte de este artículo se centra en las variables informativas que discriminan las affordances (invitaciones para la acción) que permiten la aparición de conductas anticipatorias. Observamos que las affordances emergen en diferentes escalas temporales del rendimiento, con claras implicaciones para la planificación y el diseño de sesiones de práctica. La adquisición de habilidades interactivas en los deportes de equipo así como la percepción de las variables informativas relevantes durante la acción está estrechamente vinculada con el concepto de diseño de las tareas representativas. En la sección aplicada de este trabajo se muestra cómo el enfoque basado en las restricciones es una herramienta adecuada para crear ambientes de aprendizaje representativos que producen cambios en los comportamientos interactivos de los jugadores en escalas de tiempo cortas y largas. http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2015.03902 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- References/referencias Araujo, D.; Davids, K., & Hristovski, R. (2006). The ecological dynamics of decision making in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 7(6), 653-676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.07.002 Araujo, D.; Davids, K., & Passos, P. (2007). Ecological validity, representative design, and correspondence between experimental task constraints and behavioral setting: Comment on Rogers, Kadar, and Costall (2005). Ecological Psychology , 19(1), 69-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407410709336951 Araújo, D.; Davids, K., Sainhas, J., & Fernandes, O. (2002). Emergent decision-making in sport: A constraints-led approach. Paper presented at the International congress "movement, attention & perception", Poitiers, France; Université do Poitiers. Bastin, J.; Craig, C., & Montagne, G. (2006). Prospective strategies underlie the control of interceptive actions. Human Movement Science , 25(6), 718-732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2006.04.001 Bourbousson, J.; Seve, C., & McGarry, T. (2010a). Space-time coordination dynamics in basketball: Part 1. Intra- and inter-couplings among player dyads. Journal of Sports Sciences , 28(3), 339-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903503632 Bourbousson, J.; Seve, C., & McGarry, T. (2010b). Space-time coordination dynamics in basketball: Part 2. The interaction between the two teams. Journal of Sports Sciences , 28(3), 349-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903503640 Brunswik, E. (1952). Conceptual framework of psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Brunswik, E. (1956). Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Chardenon, A., Montagne, G., Buekers, M. J., & Laurent, M. (2002). The visual control of ball interception during human locomotion. Neuroscience Letters , 334,13-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(02)01000-5 Corrêa, U.; Vilar, L., Davids, K., & Renshaw, I. (2014). Informational constraints on the emergence of passing direction in the team sport of futsal. European Journal of Sport Science , 14(2), 169-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.730063 Correia, V.; Araujo, D., Craig, C., & Passos, P. (2011). Prospective information for pass decisional behavior in rugby union. Human Movement Science , 30, 984-997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2010.07.008 Correia, V.; Passos, P., Araujo, D., Davids, K., Diniz, A., & Kelso, J. A. (2014). Coupling tendencies during exploratory behaviours of competing players in rugby union dyads. European Journal of Sport Science , 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.915344 Davids, K.; Button, C., & Bennett, S. (2008). Dynamics of skill acquisition. A constraints-led approach. Champaign: Human Kinetics. Davids, K.; D., A., Hristovski, R., Passos, P., & Chow, J.-Y. (2012). Ecological dynamics and motor learning design in sport. In A. M. W. N.Hodges (Ed.), Skill Acquisition in Sport: Research, Theory & Practice (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. Davids, K.; Handforf, C., & Williams, A. M. (1994). The natural physical alternative to cognitive theories of motor behaviour: An invitation for interdisciplinary research in sports science? Journal of Sport Sciences , 12(6), 495-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419408732202 Dicks, M.; Davids, K., & Araújo, D. (2008). Ecological psychology and task representativeness: implications for the design of perceptual-motor training programmes in sport. In Y. Hong & R. Bartlett (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science (pp. 129-139). London: Routledge. Eiler, B. A.; Kallen, R. W., Harrison, S. J., & Richardson, M. J. (2013). Origins of Order in Joint Activity and Social Behavior. Ecological Psychology , 25(3), 316-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2013.810107 Fajen, B. R. (2005). Perceiving possibilities for action: on the necessity of calibration and perceptual learning for the visual guidance of action. Perception , 34(6), 717-740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5405 Fajen, B. R., & Devaney, M. C. (2006). Learning to control collisions: the role of perceptual attunement and action boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance , 32(2), 300-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.32.2.300 Fajen, B. R.; Riley, M. A., & Turvey, M. T. (2009). Information, affordances, and the control of action in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology , 40(1), 79-107. Folgado, H.; Lemmink, K. A., Frencken, W., & Sampaio, J. (2014). Length, width and centroid distance as measures of teams tactical performance in youth football. European Journal of Sport Science , 14 Suppl 1, S487-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.730060 Frencken, W., & Lemmink, K. (2008). Team kinematics of small-sided soccer games: a systematic approach. Paper presented at the 6th World Congress on Science and Football, London. Frencken, W.; Lemmink, K., Delleman, N., & Visscher, C. (2011). Oscillations of centroid position and surface area of soccer teams in small-sided games. European Journal of Sport Science , 11, 215–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.499967 Frencken, W.; Van der Plaats, J., Visscher, C., & Lemmink, K. (2013). Size matters: Pitch dimensions constrain interactive team behaviour in soccer. Journal of Systems Science & Complexity , 26(1), 85-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11424-013-2284-1 Gibson, J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gurd, J. M.; Schulz, J., Cherkas, L., & Ebers, G. C. (2006). Hand preference and performance in 20 pairs of monozygotic twins with discordant handedness. Cortex , 42(6), 934-945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70438-6 Hammond, K., & Stewart, T. (2001). The essential Brunswik: Beginnings, explications, applications. New York: Oxford University Press. Jacobs, D. M.; Runeson, S., & Michaels, C. F. (2001). Learning to visually perceive the relative mass of colliding balls in globally and locally constrained task ecologies. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance , 27(5), 1019-1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.27.5.1019 Kelso, J. A., & Engstrom, D. A. (2006). The Complementary Nature. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books. Kugler, P.; Kelso, J. S., & Turvey, M. T. (1982). On the control and co-ordination of naturally developing systems. In J. S. Kelso & J. Clark (Eds.), The development of movement control and coordination (pp. 5–78). New York: Wiley. Lee, D. N. (1976). A theory of visual control of braking based on information about time-to-collision. Perception , 5(4), 437-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p050437 McGarry, T.; Anderson, D. I., Wallace, S. A., Hughes, M. D., & Franks, I. M. (2002). Sport competition as a dynamical self-organizing system. Journal of Sports Sciences , 20(10), 771-781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404102320675620 Michaels, C. F.; Zeinstra, E. B., & Oudejans, R. R. (2001). Information and action in punching a falling ball. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A , 54(1), 69-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980042000039 Montagne, G. (2005). Prospective control in sport. International Journal of Sport. Psychology , 36, 127-150. Newell, K. M. (1986). Constraints on the Development of Coordination. In M. W. H.T.A.Whiting (Ed.), Motor Development in Children: Aspects of Coordination and Control (pp. 341-360). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. Passos, P.; Araujo, D., Davids, K., Gouveia, L., Milho, J., & Serpa, S. (2008). Information-governing dynamics of attacker-defender interactions in youth rugby union. Journal of Sports Sciences , 26(13), 1421-1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410802208986 Passos, P.; Araujo, D., Davids, K., Gouveia, L., Serpa, S., Milho, J., et al. (2009). Interpersonal pattern dynamics and adaptive behavior in multiagent neurobiological systems: conceptual model and data. Journal of Motor Behavior , 41(5), 445-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/35-08-061 Passos, P.; Araujo, D., Davids, K., & Shuttleworth, R. (2008). Manipulating Constraints to Train Decision Making in Rugby Union. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching , 3(1), 125-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/174795408784089432 Passos, P.; Araújo, D., Davids, K., & Shuttleworth, R. (2010). Manipulating Tasks Constraints to Improve Tactical Knowledge and Collective Decision Making in Rugby Union. In K. Davids, G. Salvesbergh & I. Renshaw (Eds.), Motor Learning in Practice: A Constraints-Led Approach (pp. 120-130): Routledge. Passos, P., Milho, J., Fonseca, S., Borges, J., Araujo, D., & Davids, K. (2011). Interpersonal distance regulates functional grouping tendencies of agents in team sports. Journal of Motor Behavior , 43(2), 155-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2011.552078 Passos, P.; Cordovil, R., Fernandes, O., & Barreiros, J. (2012). Perceiving affordances in rugby union. Journal of Sports Sciences , 30(11), 1175-1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.695082 Passos, P., Araújo, D., & Davids, K. (2013). Self-organization processes in field-invasion team sports: implications for leardership. Sports Medicine , 43(1), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-012-0001-1 Pinder, R. A.; Davids, K., Renshaw, I., & Araujo, D. (2011). Representative Learning Design and Functionality of Research and Practice in Sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 33(1), 146-155. Rodrigues, M., & Passos, P. (2013). Patterns of Interpersonal Coordination in Rugby Union: Analysis of Collective Behaviours in a Match Situation. Advances in Physical Education , 3(4), 209-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ape.2013.34034 Sainburg, R. L. (2002). Evidence for a dynamic-dominance hypothesis of handedness. Experimental Brain Research , 142(2), 241-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-001-0913-8 Sampaio, J., & Macas, V. (2012). Measuring tactical behaviour in football. International Journal of Sports Medicine , 33(5), 395-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1301320 Schmidt, R. C.; Bienvenu, M., Fitzpatrick, P. A., & Amazeen, P. G. (1998). A comparison of intra- and interpersonal interlimb coordination: coordination breakdowns and coupling strength. Journal Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance , 24(3), 884-900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.24.3.884 Strogatz, S. (2004). Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order. Penguin Press Science. Travassos, B.; Araujo, D., Vilar, L., & McGarry, T. (2011). Interpersonal coordination and ball dynamics in futsal (indoor football). Human Movement Science , 30(6), 1245-1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2011.04.003 Turvey, M. T. (1992). Affordances and prospective control: An outline of the ontology. Ecological Psychology , 4, 173-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0403_3 Vilar, L.; Araujo, D., Davids, K., & Renshaw, I. (2012). The need for 'representative task design' in evaluating efficacy of skills tests in sport: A comment on Russell, Benton and Kingsley (2010). Journal of Sports Sciences , 30(16), 1727-1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.679674
其他摘要：This opinion piece aims to describe the process of learning in team sports, with a rationale in ecological dynamics sustained on the interactive nature of performance in that context. The first part of this article focuses on the information variables that discriminate affordances (invitations for action), supporting the emergence of anticipatory behaviours. Here we note that affordances emerge at different time scales of performance, with clear implications for planning and designing practice sessions. Acquiring interactive skills in team sports and perceiving information variables of relevance during performance is strictly connected to the concept of representative task design. In the applied section of this paper we show how the constraints-based approach is a suitable tool to create representative learning environments that produce changes in players' interactive behaviours over short and long time scales. Resumen Este artículo de opinión tiene como objetivo describir el proceso de aprendizaje en los deportes de equipo fundamentado en una dinámica ecológica, sustentada en la naturaleza interactiva del rendimiento en ese contexto. La primera parte de este artículo se centra en las variables informativas que discriminan las affordances (invitaciones para la acción) que permiten la aparición de conductas anticipatorias. Observamos que las affordances emergen en diferentes escalas temporales del rendimiento, con claras implicaciones para la planificación y el diseño de sesiones de práctica. La adquisición de habilidades interactivas en los deportes de equipo así como la percepción de las variables informativas relevantes durante la acción está estrechamente vinculada con el concepto de diseño de las tareas representativas. En la sección aplicada de este trabajo se muestra cómo el enfoque basado en las restricciones es una herramienta adecuada para crear ambientes de aprendizaje representativos que producen cambios en los comportamientos interactivos de los jugadores en escalas de tiempo cortas y largas. http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2015.03902 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- References/referencias Araujo, D.; Davids, K., & Hristovski, R. (2006). The ecological dynamics of decision making in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 7(6), 653-676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.07.002 Araujo, D.; Davids, K., & Passos, P. (2007). Ecological validity, representative design, and correspondence between experimental task constraints and behavioral setting: Comment on Rogers, Kadar, and Costall (2005). Ecological Psychology , 19(1), 69-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407410709336951 Araújo, D.; Davids, K., Sainhas, J., & Fernandes, O. (2002). Emergent decision-making in sport: A constraints-led approach. Paper presented at the International congress "movement, attention & perception", Poitiers, France; Université do Poitiers. Bastin, J.; Craig, C., & Montagne, G. (2006). Prospective strategies underlie the control of interceptive actions. Human Movement Science , 25(6), 718-732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2006.04.001 Bourbousson, J.; Seve, C., & McGarry, T. (2010a). Space-time coordination dynamics in basketball: Part 1. Intra- and inter-couplings among player dyads. Journal of Sports Sciences , 28(3), 339-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903503632 Bourbousson, J.; Seve, C., & McGarry, T. (2010b). Space-time coordination dynamics in basketball: Part 2. The interaction between the two teams. Journal of Sports Sciences , 28(3), 349-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903503640 Brunswik, E. (1952). Conceptual framework of psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Brunswik, E. (1956). Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Chardenon, A., Montagne, G., Buekers, M. J., & Laurent, M. (2002). The visual control of ball interception during human locomotion. Neuroscience Letters , 334,13-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(02)01000-5 Corrêa, U.; Vilar, L., Davids, K., & Renshaw, I. (2014). Informational constraints on the emergence of passing direction in the team sport of futsal. European Journal of Sport Science , 14(2), 169-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.730063 Correia, V.; Araujo, D., Craig, C., & Passos, P. (2011). Prospective information for pass decisional behavior in rugby union. Human Movement Science , 30, 984-997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2010.07.008 Correia, V.; Passos, P., Araujo, D., Davids, K., Diniz, A., & Kelso, J. A. (2014). Coupling tendencies during exploratory behaviours of competing players in rugby union dyads. European Journal of Sport Science , 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.915344 Davids, K.; Button, C., & Bennett, S. (2008). Dynamics of skill acquisition. A constraints-led approach. Champaign: Human Kinetics. Davids, K.; D., A., Hristovski, R., Passos, P., & Chow, J.-Y. (2012). Ecological dynamics and motor learning design in sport. In A. M. W. N.Hodges (Ed.), Skill Acquisition in Sport: Research, Theory & Practice (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. Davids, K.; Handforf, C., & Williams, A. M. (1994). The natural physical alternative to cognitive theories of motor behaviour: An invitation for interdisciplinary research in sports science? Journal of Sport Sciences , 12(6), 495-528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640419408732202 Dicks, M.; Davids, K., & Araújo, D. (2008). Ecological psychology and task representativeness: implications for the design of perceptual-motor training programmes in sport. In Y. Hong & R. Bartlett (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Biomechanics and Human Movement Science (pp. 129-139). London: Routledge. Eiler, B. A.; Kallen, R. W., Harrison, S. J., & Richardson, M. J. (2013). Origins of Order in Joint Activity and Social Behavior. Ecological Psychology , 25(3), 316-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407413.2013.810107 Fajen, B. R. (2005). Perceiving possibilities for action: on the necessity of calibration and perceptual learning for the visual guidance of action. Perception , 34(6), 717-740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5405 Fajen, B. R., & Devaney, M. C. (2006). Learning to control collisions: the role of perceptual attunement and action boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance , 32(2), 300-313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.32.2.300 Fajen, B. R.; Riley, M. A., & Turvey, M. T. (2009). Information, affordances, and the control of action in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology , 40(1), 79-107. Folgado, H.; Lemmink, K. A., Frencken, W., & Sampaio, J. (2014). Length, width and centroid distance as measures of teams tactical performance in youth football. European Journal of Sport Science , 14 Suppl 1, S487-492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.730060 Frencken, W., & Lemmink, K. (2008). Team kinematics of small-sided soccer games: a systematic approach. Paper presented at the 6th World Congress on Science and Football, London. Frencken, W.; Lemmink, K., Delleman, N., & Visscher, C. (2011). Oscillations of centroid position and surface area of soccer teams in small-sided games. European Journal of Sport Science , 11, 215–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.499967 Frencken, W.; Van der Plaats, J., Visscher, C., & Lemmink, K. (2013). Size matters: Pitch dimensions constrain interactive team behaviour in soccer. Journal of Systems Science & Complexity , 26(1), 85-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11424-013-2284-1 Gibson, J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Gurd, J. M.; Schulz, J., Cherkas, L., & Ebers, G. C. (2006). Hand preference and performance in 20 pairs of monozygotic twins with discordant handedness. Cortex , 42(6), 934-945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70438-6 Hammond, K., & Stewart, T. (2001). The essential Brunswik: Beginnings, explications, applications. New York: Oxford University Press. Jacobs, D. M.; Runeson, S., & Michaels, C. F. (2001). Learning to visually perceive the relative mass of colliding balls in globally and locally constrained task ecologies. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance , 27(5), 1019-1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.27.5.1019 Kelso, J. A., & Engstrom, D. A. (2006). The Complementary Nature. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books. Kugler, P.; Kelso, J. S., & Turvey, M. T. (1982). On the control and co-ordination of naturally developing systems. In J. S. Kelso & J. Clark (Eds.), The development of movement control and coordination (pp. 5–78). New York: Wiley. Lee, D. N. (1976). A theory of visual control of braking based on information about time-to-collision. Perception , 5(4), 437-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p050437 McGarry, T.; Anderson, D. I., Wallace, S. A., Hughes, M. D., & Franks, I. M. (2002). Sport competition as a dynamical self-organizing system. Journal of Sports Sciences , 20(10), 771-781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404102320675620 Michaels, C. F.; Zeinstra, E. B., & Oudejans, R. R. (2001). Information and action in punching a falling ball. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A , 54(1), 69-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980042000039 Montagne, G. (2005). Prospective control in sport. International Journal of Sport. Psychology , 36, 127-150. Newell, K. M. (1986). Constraints on the Development of Coordination. In M. W. H.T.A.Whiting (Ed.), Motor Development in Children: Aspects of Coordination and Control (pp. 341-360). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. Passos, P.; Araujo, D., Davids, K., Gouveia, L., Milho, J., & Serpa, S. (2008). Information-governing dynamics of attacker-defender interactions in youth rugby union. Journal of Sports Sciences , 26(13), 1421-1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410802208986 Passos, P.; Araujo, D., Davids, K., Gouveia, L., Serpa, S., Milho, J., et al. (2009). Interpersonal pattern dynamics and adaptive behavior in multiagent neurobiological systems: conceptual model and data. Journal of Motor Behavior , 41(5), 445-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/35-08-061 Passos, P.; Araujo, D., Davids, K., & Shuttleworth, R. (2008). Manipulating Constraints to Train Decision Making in Rugby Union. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching , 3(1), 125-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/174795408784089432 Passos, P.; Araújo, D., Davids, K., & Shuttleworth, R. (2010). Manipulating Tasks Constraints to Improve Tactical Knowledge and Collective Decision Making in Rugby Union. In K. Davids, G. Salvesbergh & I. Renshaw (Eds.), Motor Learning in Practice: A Constraints-Led Approach (pp. 120-130): Routledge. Passos, P., Milho, J., Fonseca, S., Borges, J., Araujo, D., & Davids, K. (2011). Interpersonal distance regulates functional grouping tendencies of agents in team sports. Journal of Motor Behavior , 43(2), 155-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2011.552078 Passos, P.; Cordovil, R., Fernandes, O., & Barreiros, J. (2012). Perceiving affordances in rugby union. Journal of Sports Sciences , 30(11), 1175-1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.695082 Passos, P., Araújo, D., & Davids, K. (2013). Self-organization processes in field-invasion team sports: implications for leardership. Sports Medicine , 43(1), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-012-0001-1 Pinder, R. A.; Davids, K., Renshaw, I., & Araujo, D. (2011). Representative Learning Design and Functionality of Research and Practice in Sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 33(1), 146-155. Rodrigues, M., & Passos, P. (2013). Patterns of Interpersonal Coordination in Rugby Union: Analysis of Collective Behaviours in a Match Situation. Advances in Physical Education , 3(4), 209-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ape.2013.34034 Sainburg, R. L. (2002). Evidence for a dynamic-dominance hypothesis of handedness. Experimental Brain Research , 142(2), 241-258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-001-0913-8 Sampaio, J., & Macas, V. (2012). Measuring tactical behaviour in football. International Journal of Sports Medicine , 33(5), 395-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1301320 Schmidt, R. C.; Bienvenu, M., Fitzpatrick, P. A., & Amazeen, P. G. (1998). A comparison of intra- and interpersonal interlimb coordination: coordination breakdowns and coupling strength. Journal Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance , 24(3), 884-900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.24.3.884 Strogatz, S. (2004). Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order. Penguin Press Science. Travassos, B.; Araujo, D., Vilar, L., & McGarry, T. (2011). Interpersonal coordination and ball dynamics in futsal (indoor football). Human Movement Science , 30(6), 1245-1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2011.04.003 Turvey, M. T. (1992). Affordances and prospective control: An outline of the ontology. Ecological Psychology , 4, 173-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0403_3 Vilar, L.; Araujo, D., Davids, K., & Renshaw, I. (2012). The need for 'representative task design' in evaluating efficacy of skills tests in sport: A comment on Russell, Benton and Kingsley (2010). Journal of Sports Sciences , 30(16), 1727-1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.679674
关键词：ecological dynamics;affordances;interpersonal interactions;coordination tendencies;representative learning design;dinámica ecológica;interacciones interpersonales;tendencias de coordinación;diseño de aprendizaje representativo.;ecological dynamics;affordances;interpersonal interactions;coordination tendencies;representative learning design;dinámica ecológica;interacciones interpersonales;tendencias de coordinación;diseño de aprendizaje representativo.
