摘要：Electrified vehicles such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrids electric vehicles (PHEVs) significantly contribute to a sustainable transportation system by reducing consumption of fossil fuels and pollutant emissions. Electrified propulsion systems also facilitate renewable ways of generating electricity from wind, solar, and other alternative energy sources, which would result in a good synergy between transportation and energy sectors. Electrified vehicle technologies have been continuously improved owing to the advancement of powertrain modeling and simulation methodologies, system-level control and optimization, component sizing, lightweight design and integration, and mechatronic system diagnostics and prognostics, as well as economic and policy incentives, public awareness of energy sustainability/affordability, and environmental concerns. In terms of system-level analysis, a variety of optimization methods have been proposed to design advanced energy management strategies for HEVs/PHEVs, including dynamic programming (DP) [1], equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) [2], Pontryagin's minimum principle (PMP) [3], and convex programming [4]. In terms of component-level analysis, various identification approaches have been employed to parameterize high-precision battery models, including offline particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm [5], online least-squares method [6], and online extended Kalman filtering [7]. Model-based battery state monitoring techniques have also been intensively studied in both academia and industry [8–10].
