摘要：Energy demand and supply are of fundamental importance
to the society due to their impacts on various environmental
and economic activities (Schweizer-Ries, 2008; Jin et al.,
2010). Although energy-related and environmental concerns
are originally local (e.g., environmental problems associated
with extraction, transport, conversion and consumption of
energy resources), they have recently been extended to
issues at multiple spatial scales, such as global effects of
large-scale energy activities, international energy trade and
pollutant-emission conflicts, and regional energy allocation
and environmental management (Huang and Chang, 2003;
Yuksel, 2012). Moreover, these issues are being further com-
plicated by rising energy prices, shrinking energy reserves,
and varying legislational, geographic, socio-economic and
political conditions, leading to a variety of complexities in
the relevant decision-making processes (Matsuhashi et al.,
1996; Verderame et al., 2010). In order to systematically
analyze environmental effects of energy activities and opti-
mally allocate energy resources/services for supporting sus-
tainable energy development, it is desired that effective
policy analysis and decision-support techniques be devel-
oped (Huang and Chang, 2003; Olabi, 2012).
