摘要：AbstractThe paper discusses hierarchical relationships between shippers and different types of carriers in international maritime freight transportation networks. Ocean carriers, port terminal operators and land carriers provide transportation services at different parts of the multimodal transportation network. The carriers determine service charges and routing patterns through competition and other interactions among them. Shippers deliver their products to customer locations using the transportation services. Shippers choose a sequence of carriers, based on the carrier's pricing and routing decisions. These shipper-carrier relationships are captured in a bi-level modelling approach.
