摘要：Hundreds of thousands of people are killed each year bynatural hazards, and economic damage is significantly increasing, which was shown for instance based on inflationadjusted, non-normalized losses of natural hazards in the period 1980–2009 (ICSU, 2008; Neumayer and Barthel, 2011).An in-depth understanding and assessment of the risks ofnatural hazards is necessary in order to develop sustainable risk management strategies including efficient damage mitigation approaches (Kreibich et al., 2014, 2015; Evers et al., 2016). Risk analyses combine hazard with damage modelling, which provides quantitative estimates of expected damage. Such information is key to optimize riskmitigation on the basis of cost–benefit analyses. Risk analyses are carried out at different spatial scales including themacro-scale (global, continental), mesoscale (national, regional) and micro-scale (local) (de Moel et al., 2015; Falter et al., 2016). System approaches are necessary to tacklethe challenge of assessing interactions of physical and socioeconomic processes that determine the consequences of natural hazards (Vorogushyn et al., 2018; Kreibich et al., 2017b,2019). Additionally, there is general agreement that risks, aswell as their components hazard, exposure and vulnerability,are dynamic and need to be treated as such (Hufschmidt etal., 2005; Sairam et al., 2019).
