摘要：We present a detailed characterization of the Kepler-411 system (KOI 1781). This system was previously known to host two transiting planets: one with a period of 3 days (R= 2.4 R⊕; Kepler-411b) and one with a period of 7.8 days (R= 4.4 R⊕; Kepler-411c), as well as a transiting planetary candidate with a 58-day period (R= 3.3 R⊕; KOI 1781.03) fromKeplerphotometry. Here, we combineKeplerphotometry data and new transit timing variation (TTV) measurements from all theKeplerquarters with previous adaptive-optics imaging results, and dynamical simulations, in order to constrain the properties of the Kepler-411 system. From our analysis, we obtain masses of 25.6 ± 2.6M⊕for Kepler-411b and 26.4 ± 5.9M⊕for Kepler-411c, and we confirm the planetary nature of KOI 1781.03 with a mass of 15.2 ± 5.1M⊕, hence the name Kepler-411d. Furthermore, by assuming near-coplanarity of the system (mutual inclination below 30°), we discover a nontransiting planet, Kepler-411e, with a mass of 10.8 ± 1.1M⊕on a 31.5-day orbit, which has a strong dynamical interaction with Kepler-411d. With densities of 1.71 ± 0.39 g cm−3and 2.32 ± 0.83 g cm−3, both Kepler-411c and Kepler-411d belong to the group of planets with a massive core and a significant fraction of volatiles. Although Kepler-411b has a sub-Neptune size, it belongs to the group of rocky planets.
关键词：Key wordsenplanets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stabilitystars: activityplanetary systemsstarspots
