摘要：John T. Richards, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Jonathan Brezin, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Calvin B. Swart, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Christine A. Halverson, IBM Almaden Research Center In 2002 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) launched a major initiative in HPCS (high-productivity computing systems). The program was motivated by the belief that the utilization of the coming generation of parallel machines was gated by the difficulty of writing, debugging, tuning, and maintaining software at peta scale. As part of this initiative, DARPA encouraged work on new programming languages, runtimes, and tools. It believed that by making the expression of parallel constructs easier, matching the runtime models to the heterogeneous processor architectures under development, and providing powerful integrated development tools, it might improve programmer productivity. This is a reasonable conjecture, but we sought to go beyond conjecture to actual measurements of productivity gains.
