摘要：Airborne discrete-return LiDAR can acquire (x, y, z) coordinates of ground objects with sub-meter level accuracy for generating high- resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEM). The major applications of discrete-return LiDAR in geosciences can be summarized in the following six fields. (1) Changes in geomorphic surfaces, including a) fundamental topographic signatures such as the formation of evenly spaced ridges and valleys [1]; b) alluvial fan formative processes and debris flow deposits [2,3]; c) volumetric changes of costal dunes and beach erosion [4,5]; d) changes in glaciers/ice sheets and glacial sediment redistribution [6,7]; and e) lava flow dynamics and rheology [8-10]. (2) Surface hydrology and flood models [11-15]. (3) Tectonic geomorphology [16-20]. (4) Lithological mapping [21,22]. (5) Rock mass structural analysis [23-25]. (6) Natural hazards, such as landslides, debris flows, and earthquake damage [26-31].
