摘要：The present paper examines flood risk (composed of hazard, exposure, andvulnerability) in a range of spatial perspectives – from the global to thelocal scale. It deals with observed records, noting that flood damage hasbeen increasing. It also tackles projections for the future, related toflood hazard and flood losses. There are multiple factors driving floodhazard and flood risk and there is a considerable uncertainty in ourassessments, and particularly in projections for the future. Further, thispaper analyses options for flood risk reduction in several spatialdimensions, from global framework to regional to local scales. It isnecessary to continue examination of the updated records of flood-relatedindices, trying to search for changes that influence flood hazard and floodrisk in river basins.
