标题：Dynamic assessment of economic and environmental performance index and generation, composition, environmental and human health risks of hospital solid waste in developing countries; A state of the art of review
摘要：AbstractMany studies have been conducted on hospital solid waste management (HSWM) throughout the world, especially developing countries. This interdisciplinary study aims to summarize the available knowledge on the health and environmental risks of hospital solid waste (HSW) and also, develop a dynamic associational assessment among hospital solid waste generation rate (HSWGR), hospital solid waste composition (HSWC), gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and environmental performance index (EPI) in some developing countries for the first time. The results of this study showed that researchers from India, China, Pakistan, Brazil, and Iran had found more evidence about the health, economic, and environmental issues in HSW than the other developing countries. The literature showed that the highest and lowest reported HSWGR (in national average level) belonged to Ethiopia (6.03) and India (0.24) kg bed−1day−1, respectively. It has also been shown that all studied countries except Serbia, have higher levels of hazardous waste in their HSWC, based on the WHO's standard. Furthermore, the quantity and quality of HSW in developing countries depend on the service provided by the hospital, type of hospital, HSWM system, and the level of regional economic and culture. The association analysis showed that the EPI and GDP per capita of developing countries were significantly (p-value Highlights•Hospital waste is one of the most threating issue for health and the environment.•Developing countries are more vulnerable to hospital waste threats.•The main elements of hospital waste management in developing countries are reviewed.•The main threats of hospital waste management in developing countries are highlighted.
关键词：AbbreviationsMSWmunicipal solid waste;MSWMmunicipal solid waste management;MSWGmunicipal solid waste generation;MSWImunicipal solid waste incinerators;HSWhospital solid waste;HSWMhospital solid waste management;HSWGRhospital solid waste generation rate;HSWIhospital solid waste incinerator;HCWhealth care waste;HCFshealth care facilities;HDIHuman Development Index;GDPgross domestic product;EPIenvironmental performance index;Solid waste;Hospital waste management;Economic;Health and environmental risks assessment;Environmental performance index;Developing countries
