摘要：Learners of computer programming may learn fundamental programming concepts through experiential learning by exploring sample programs. However, some learners fail to understand the concepts or functions of code. One reason for this failure is their lack of comprehension of the relationship between program code and its behavior. To address this issue, we develop a learning material that focuses on "visual manifestation" and evaluate its use in an undergraduate course. It is found that the learning material effectively enhances students' learning of fundamental programming concepts.
