摘要：SummarySalangids, known as Asian icefishes, represent a peculiar radiation within the bony fish order Protacanthopterygii where adult fish retain larval characteristics such as transparent and miniaturized bodies and a cartilaginous endoskeleton into adulthood. Here, we report ade novogenome ofProtosalanx chinensis, the most widely distributed salangid lineage. TheP. chinensisgenome assembly is more contiguous and complete than a previous assembly. We estimate thatP. chinensis, salmons, trouts, and pikes diverged from a common ancestor 185 million years ago. A juxtaposition with other fish genomes revealed loss of the genes encoding ectodysplasin-A receptor (EDAR), SCPP1, and fourHoxproteins and likely lack of canonical fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) function. We also report genomic variations ofP. chinensispossibly reflecting the immune system repertoire of a species with a larval phenotype in sexually mature individuals. The new Asian icefish reference genome provides a solid foundation for future studies.Graphical AbstractDisplay OmittedHighlights•Generated chromosome-level genome of the Asian icefishProtosalanx chinensis•Larval features present in adultP. chinensis(neoteny)•Identified genes underlying icefish neoteny, including an adult cartilaginous skeleton•Valuable resource for wet-lab and genome research on icefishesBiological Sciences; Evolutionary Biology; Genomics
