摘要：SummarySocial hierarchy plays important roles in maintaining social structures. Despite similarity in concept, frameworks of human hierarchy have seldom been investigated in parallel with other animals. Moreover, the importance of subordination in hierarchical formation has been largely underestimated in previous research. Here we established, compared, and investigated hierarchy in children and weanling mice. Temperament assessments suggested that children who are less persistent, low emotional intensity, and withdrew easily were more likely to be subordinate in competitive scenarios independent of task characteristics and interaction experiences. The tube test further showed that conflicts between mice were not resolved by winner approach but by loser withdrawal, which was mainly determined by intrinsic subordinate status regardless of opponents. Our study presents evolutionary conserved hierarchical relationships in young and a critical role of the intrinsic subordinate characteristics in hierarchical determination. These findings provide a new perspective on social interactions with potential implications for preschool education.Graphical abstractDisplay OmittedHighlights•Similar social hierarchy can be established in weanling mice and young children•Social rankings in children are largely influenced by intrinsic characteristics•Conflicts in mouse tube test are not resolved by winner but by loser withdrawal•Subordinate withdrawals are determined by intrinsic status regardless of opponentsBehavioral neuroscience; biological sciences; natural sciences
