摘要：The study was performed in the framework of Nostratic, which is defined as a branch of comparative historical linguistics that postulates a distant genetic relationship between the language families of Eurasia and North Africa. As an object of study, we chose the most ancient root *er “male”, which was part of the basic vocabulary of the primitive language, which served as the source for many modern languages, and which was not yet the subject of consideration in Nostratics. Aim of this work is a comparative analysis of reflexes in their most ancient roots in modern languages. The article suggests and substantiates the assumption that in the process of evolution and divergence of the proto-ethnos, the reconstructed root *er probably underwent various modifications, acquiring a new sound (*er > 1) ur/ar/ir…; 2) yer/yar/vor/ger…; 3) ere/ara/oro…; 4) e/ö/ä… etc.) in accordance with phonological patterns and semantic modifications (“male” > 1) “husband, man…”; 2) “leader, head…”; 3) “hero, ruler…”; 4) “Lord, God…”; 5) “master, owner…”; 6) “worker, slave…”; 7) “courage, heroism…”; 8) “male, brave” etc.), allowed by the rules of semasiology. The article argues for the position of the primacy of biological meaning (“male”) and the secondary nature of abstract-substantive, connotative-evaluative, derivational and other meaning in the transformations of the root.
关键词：Nostratic;Comparative-Historical Linguistics;Altaic Languages;Sino-Tibetan Languages;Indo-European Languages;Languages Affinity;Ancient Root;The Most Ancient Root Reflexes;Semantic Modification
