期刊名称：ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
电子版ISSN：2220-9964
出版年度：2021
卷号：10
期号：3
页码：128
DOI：10.3390/ijgi10030128
语种：English
出版社：MDPI AG
摘要：Land refers to the planet’s surface not covered by seas, lakes or rivers, but by different types of vegetation (e.g. natural or managed grassland, cropland, and wetlands) and artificial surfaces (e.g. roads and buildings). Soil is one of the essential components of land. The upper, weathered, solid mantle of the Earth, called the pedosphere, results from the complex influence of soil forming factors (parent material, topography, climate, living organisms, human activities, and time) and soil forming processes at the zone of interactions of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, as well as reflecting variations and changes of these natural components. Soils are active and passive factors in most natural cycles and processes, consequently soil is a multifunctional natural resource. Soil functions and services may be endangered by the effects of natural factors, processes accelerated by human activities (i.e. erosion, deflation) and by human-induced damages (pollution, acidification, etc.). [...]
