标题：Are Energy Consumption, Population Density and Exports Causing Environmental Damage in China? Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Vector Error Correction Model Approaches
摘要：This paper investigates whether energy consumption, population density, and exports are the main factors causing environmental damage in China. Using annual data from 1971–2018, unit root tests are applied for the stationarity analyses, and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds tests are used for the long-run relationships between the variables. A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger approach is employed to examine the causal relationships amongst the variables. Our findings show that the selected variables are cointegrated, and that energy consumption and economic growth are identified as the main reasons for CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in both the short-run and long-run. In contrast, exports reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the long-run. Short-run unidirectional Granger causality is found from economic growth to energy consumption, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and exports, and from CO<sub>2</sub> emissions to energy consumption and exports. Moreover, long-run causal links exist between CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions and exports. Five policy recommendations are made following the obtained results.
关键词：CO2 emissions; energy consumption; population density; exports; energy economics; China
