期刊名称：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
印刷版ISSN：0027-8424
电子版ISSN：1091-6490
出版年度：2015
卷号：112
期号：13
页码：4170-4175
DOI：10.1073/pnas.1415250112
语种：English
出版社：The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
摘要：SignificanceWhere people look generally reflects and reveals their moment-by-moment thought processes. This study introduces an experimental method whereby participants' eye gaze is monitored and information about their gaze is used to change the timing of their decisions. Answers to difficult moral questions such as "Is murder justifiable?" can be influenced toward random alternatives based on looking patterns alone. We do this without presenting different arguments or response frames, as in other techniques of persuasion. Thus, the process of arriving at a moral decision is not only reflected in a participant's eye gaze but can also be determined by it. Eye gaze is a window onto cognitive processing in tasks such as spatial memory, linguistic processing, and decision making. We present evidence that information derived from eye gaze can be used to change the course of individuals' decisions, even when they are reasoning about high-level, moral issues. Previous studies have shown that when an experimenter actively controls what an individual sees the experimenter can affect simple decisions with alternatives of almost equal valence. Here we show that if an experimenter passively knows when individuals move their eyes the experimenter can change complex moral decisions. This causal effect is achieved by simply adjusting the timing of the decisions. We monitored participants' eye movements during a two-alternative forced-choice task with moral questions. One option was randomly predetermined as a target. At the moment participants had fixated the target option for a set amount of time we terminated their deliberation and prompted them to choose between the two alternatives. Although participants were unaware of this gaze-contingent manipulation, their choices were systematically biased toward the target option. We conclude that even abstract moral cognition is partly constituted by interactions with the immediate environment and is likely supported by gaze-dependent decision processes. By tracking the interplay between individuals, their sensorimotor systems, and the environment, we can influence the outcome of a decision without directly manipulating the content of the information available to them.
关键词：morality ; decision making ; eye tracking ; visual attention ; dynamical systems
