摘要：SummaryAddressing climate change with the rising global energy usage necessitates electricity sector decarbonization by rapidly moving toward flexible and efficient off-grid renewable energy systems (RESs). This paper analyzes the wind and solar micro-grids, with batteries and pumped hydro storage for a robust off-grid RES techno-economic operation, while considering diverse multi-objective optimization cases. This research has considered the RES variable operational losses in the developed methodology and relations between different indicators are evaluated, revealing a basic understanding between them. The results reveal that the reliability index is inversely related to the oversupply index, while directly related to the system self-sufficiency index. The cost of energy is more sensitive to technical indicators rather than the storage cost and so can be used as a primary monetary index. Energy and cost balance analysis showed that 16%–20% of the used energy was drained in RES operational losses, which were usually ignored in previous studies.Graphical abstractDisplay OmittedHighlights•A robust techno-economic design is critical for off-grid renewables•Storage cost is less sensitive to technical indicators compared with energy costs•Non-used electricity for considered off-grid cases is 45%–55%•High initial cost (>80%) is the main hindrance to the wide deploymentEarth sciences; Energy policy; Energy engineering; Energy systems
