标题：Herbicide Resistance to Metsulfuron-Methyl in <i>Rumex dentatus</i> L. in North-West India and Its Management Perspectives for Sustainable Wheat Production
摘要：Herbicide resistance in weeds is a global threat to sustaining food security. In India, herbicide-resistant <i>Phalaris minor</i> was the major problem in wheat for more than two decades, but the continuous use of metsulfuron-methyl (an ALS inhibitor) to control broadleaf weeds has resulted in the evolution of ALS inhibitor-resistant <i>Rumex dentatus</i> L. This review summarizes the current scenario of herbicide resistance in <i>R. dentatus</i>, along with its ecology and management perspectives. Studies have provided valuable insights on the emergence pattern of <i>R. dentatus</i> under different environments in relation to tillage, cropping systems, nutrients, and irrigation. Moreover, <i>R. dentatus</i> has exhibited higher emergence under zero tillage, with high infestation levels in rice-wheat compared to other wheat-based cropping systems (sorghum-wheat). Alternative herbicides for the management of resistant <i>R. dentatus</i> include pendimethalin, 2,4-D, carfentrazone, isoproturon, and metribuzin. Although the pre-emergence application of pendimethalin is highly successful in suppressing <i>R. dentatus</i>, but its efficiency is questionable under lower field soil moisture and heavy residue load conditions. Nevertheless, the biological data may be utilized to control <i>R. dentatus</i>. Therefore, herbicide rotation with suitable spray techniques, collecting weed seeds at differential heights from wheat, crop rotation, alternate tillage practices, and straw retention are recommended for addressing the resistance issue in <i>R. dentatus</i> in North India conditions. Overall, we discuss the current state of herbicide resistance in <i>R. dentatus</i>, the agronomic factors affecting its population, its proliferation in specific cropping systems (rice-wheat), and management strategies for containing an infestation of a resistant population.
