期刊名称：Annals of the University of Oradea : Economic Science
印刷版ISSN：1222-569X
电子版ISSN：1582-5450
出版年度：2016
卷号：25
期号：2
页码：513-524
语种：German
出版社：University of Oradea
摘要：Measuring competitiveness of companies, industries or nations and their ranking according to the level and dynamics became, for several decades already, a significant concern for scholars. Competitiveness should be approached in a multi-layered and comprehensive manner, considering that it has a specific content and is perceived differently depending on the system involved. In our view, a comprehensive approach has to adress five levels, facilitating a rigorous and consistent approach to variables that determine competitiveness. These levels are:
