摘要：This paper discusses the role of human performance variability in ship-to-ship collisions. Accordingly, an analysis was carried out based on the functional resonance analysis method (FRAM). A ship-to-ship collision report from Indonesia was used to generate the FRAM model for ship-ship encounters. This model was formed using six functions: maneuvering, watchkeeping, bridge communication, bridge-to-bridge communication, bridge-to-port communication, and engine control. Using FRAM, the cause of the collision accident can be determined based on the results of this analysis. This study emphasizes that the emergence of unwanted outcomes results from the unique interaction of the unexpected variability performance of functions between two ships during encounter situations. The resonance phenomenon explained how this unique interaction amplifies the effect of ship operation, performance variability. The use of FRAM could elucidate the complexity in ship operation and provide a more in-depth analysis for ship-to-ship collision accidents.
