标题：Coagulation-Flocculation of Aquaculture Wastewater Using Green Coagulant from <i>Garcinia kola</i> Seeds: Parametric Studies, Kinetic Modelling and Cost Analysis
摘要：To achieve sustainability, it is necessary to use proper treatment methods to reduce the pollutant loads of receiving waters. This study investigates the coagulative reduction of turbidity, COD, BOD and colour from aquaculture wastewater (AW) using a novel <i>Garcinia kola</i> seeds coagulant (GKC). This coagulant was obtained from extraction of <i>Garcinia kola</i> seeds and analysed for its spectral and morphological characteristics through FTIR and SEM. The kinetics of coagulation-flocculation were also investigated in terms of total dissolved and suspended solids (TDSP). The seeds had 11.27% protein and 68.33% carbohydrate, showing usability in adsorption/charges neutralisation as a coagulant to reduce particles. Maximal turbidity reduction = 81.93%, COD = 75.03%, BOD = 72.84% and colour = 56.69% at 0.3 g GKC/L, pH 2, 60 min and 303 K were achieved. Von Smoluchowski’s second-order peri-kinetics theory was used to fit the results, giving R<sup>2</sup> > 0.9. At a coagulation order (<i>α</i>) of 2, the reaction rate (<i>K<sub>C</sub></i>) and half-life (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>τ</mi><mrow><mi>S</mi><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) were 0.0003 L/g·min and 25.3 min at the optimal conditions. The sorption data better fit the Lagergren compared to the Ho adsorption model. Furthermore, the net cost of using GKC to handle 1 L of AW (including electricity and material costs) was calculated to be 1.57 EUR, and the costs of 0.3 g/L GKC preparation and energy were 0.27 and 1.30 EUR, respectively. In summary, these seeds can be used to pre-treat AW.
