摘要：SummaryThe current gold standard for classifying lupus nephritis (LN) progression is a renal biopsy, which is an invasive procedure. Undergoing a series of biopsies for monitoring disease progression and treatments is unlikely suitable for patients with LN. Thus, there is an urgent need for non-invasive alternative biomarkers that can facilitate LN class diagnosis. Such biomarkers will be very useful in guiding intervention strategies to mitigate or treat patients with LN. Urine samples were collected from two independent cohorts. Patients with LN were classified into proliferative (class III/IV) and membranous (class V) by kidney histopathology. Metabolomics was performed to identify potential metabolites, which could be specific for the classification of membranous LN. The ratio of picolinic acid (Pic) to tryptophan (Trp) ([Pic/Trp] ratio) was found to be a promising candidate for LN diagnostic and membranous classification. It has high potential as an alternative biomarker for the non-invasive diagnosis of LN.Graphical abstractDisplay OmittedHighlights•The urinary [Fum], [Ket], [Pyr], and [Mal] are significantly higher in patients with LN•The urinary [Pic/Trp] ratio is significantly lower in patients with LN•The [Pic/Trp] is very specific for classifying proliferative LN from membranous LN•Combining [Pic/Trp] with urine protein–creatinine ratio (UPCR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) further improves membranous LN predictionBiopsy sample; Body substance sample; Metabolomics
