标题：Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
摘要：The geographical overlaps of malaria parasites and
Salmonella spp. can lead to co-infection of these two pathogens, especially in the tropics where malaria is endemic. Moreover, few literatures suggested that malaria infection was associated with
Salmonella bacteremia. Therefore, this study quantified pooled prevalence of typhoidal/non-typhoidal
Salmonella (NTS) and probability of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients. The systematic review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021252322). Studies on co-infection of typhoidal/NTS and malaria were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed using the checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Meta-analyses on the following criteria were performed: (1) pooled prevalence of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients, (2) pooled prevalence of typhoidal/NTS among malaria patients, (3) pooled prevalence of malaria infections among patients with
Salmonella spp. infection, and (4) probability of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients. Additionally, the case fatality rate and mean difference of malarial parasitemia between typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection and
Plasmodium monoinfection were also determined. The subgroup analyses of typhoidal/NTS, regions (Africa and Asia), countries, time (publication year), characteristics of participants, and diagnostic tests for identifying
Salmonella spp. were also conducted. A sensitivity test was performed to determine the robustness of the study outcomes. Publication bias among the included studies was evaluated using the funnel plot and Egger’s test. All analyses were performed using Stata version 15 (StataCorp LLC, Texas, USA) with a p-value < 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Eighty-one studies that met the eligibility criteria were included in the analyses. Of the 73,775 study participants, 4523 had typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infections. The pooled prevalence rates of typhoidal/NTS and malaria co-infection among febrile patients were 14% (95% confidence interval [CI
