期刊名称：Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection
印刷版ISSN：2327-4336
电子版ISSN：2327-4344
出版年度：2021
卷号：9
期号：10
页码：47-61
DOI：10.4236/gep.2021.910004
语种：English
出版社：Scientific Research Pub
摘要：Sanitation by-products (i.e. greywater, human urine and toilet compost) reuse for agriculture presents an opportunity to enhance food security while overcoming water scarcity and fertilizers issues in developing countries. However, the risks to health from farmers and consumers’ exposure to pathogenic micro-organisms persistent in sanitation by-products has hindered their popularity in these regions. This study was conducted to apply a quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate the annual risk probability of Salmonella infection associated with these sanitation by-products reuse for lettuce production and explore options for health risk reduction. Risk was performed a Monte Carlo simulation for farmers and consumers. The exposure routes were contaminated soil ingestion, urine/greywater/compost ingestion and lettuce consumption without washing. Results showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella through ingestion contaminated soil associated with urine and compost were typical scenario: 9.04 × per-person-per-year (pppy) and 2.97 × pppy, respectively, are higher than the WHO benchmark (≤1.0 × pppy). Conversely, those contaminated from greywater were 6.83 × pppy are meet the WHO benchmark. On the other hand, annual risks through lettuce consumption fertilized with urine (1.20 × pppy) were less than the risks from compost (6.20 × pppy) and greywater (7.76 × pppy). Moreover, the annual risks of infection from greywater ingestion (1.77 × pppy) exhibits a much higher risk than that urine ingestion (6.20 × pppy) approximately two orders of magnitude, and which are higher than the WHO tolerable limit of risk. The risk assessment outcomes of using sanitation by-products to lettuce production should be promoted with proper awareness of the risk by farmers and consumers.
