摘要：SummaryRapid, terawatt-scale deployment of photovoltaic (PV) modules is required to decarbonize the energy sector. Despite efficiency and manufacturing improvements, material demand will increase, eventually resulting in waste as deployed modules reach end of life. Circular choices for decommissioned modules could reduce waste and offset virgin materials. We present PV ICE, an open-source python framework using modern reliability data, which tracks module material flows throughout PV life cycles. We provide dynamic baselines capturing PV module and material evolution. PV ICE includes multimodal end of life, circular pathways, and manufacturing losses. We present a validation of the framework and a sensitivity analysis. Results show that manufacturing efficiencies strongly affect material demand, representing >20% of the 9 million tons of waste cumulatively expected by 2050. Reliability and circular pathways represent the best opportunities to reduce waste by 56% while maintaining installed capacity. Shorter-lived modules generate 81% more waste and reduce 2050 capacity by 6%.Graphical abstractDisplay OmittedHighlights•PV ICE is an open-source tool that evaluates circular paths for photovoltaics•Features material flow tracking for waste, virgin needs, and installed capacity•Dynamic baselines of historic and projected c-Si PV data are provided•Sensitivity analysis shows increasing PV lifetime reduces material requirementsEnvironmental science; Energy policy; Energy systems
