出版社：Japan Science and Technology Information Aggregator, Electronic
摘要：The aim of this study is to reconsider the idea of ‘university’ in England in the 1900s. In this period, ‘civic’ university colleges, originally established in industrial cities in the late 19th century, obtained university status through a Royal Charter. Previous studies on the history of English universities have tended to take the influence of Oxford and Cambridge on newly established universities for granted, but little attention has been paid to how new universities were established. This study attempts to clarify the idea of ‘university’ in the 1900s from the viewpoints of institutions and education. From the perspective of institutions, in the 1900s, the concept was introduced in England when establishing six civic universities in the sense of ‘single/unitary’ universities. Until then, there had only been federal universities, including both Oxford and Cambridge, with colleges that offered courses, whereas the universities conducted examinations and conferred academic degrees. ‘Single’ or ‘unitary’ institutions offered both courses and examinations, rendering university education cohesive. From the perspective of education, it can be pointed out that the definition of ‘liberal education’ was changed through several inspections of civic colleges and universities for distribution of state grants. The inspection reports noted that a ‘university rank education’ should be an ‘advanced liberal education,’ using this term to mean the same thing as an ‘arts and sciences education’, which included English, classics, French, German, history, philosophy, mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology. However, inspectors found it difficult to clarify the boundaries of liberal education from those of ‘technical and professional education’ in terms of university subjects. In the 1900s, the state grants committee defined university education as potentially including technical and professional subjects, as ‘scientific and general knowledge’ could be tested through these subjects as well. The civic ‘single/unitary’ universities, with a different institutional structure from Oxbridge, introduced a new idea of universities to England, although the Oxbridge ideal remained to some extent in terms of education. This study found that the Oxbridge influence was limited in the establishing of these new universities. In the England of the 1900s, the idea of ‘university’ was re-examined and re-defined: these new institutions were to offer liberal education through various subjects including not only the arts and sciences but also technical and professional subjects, conduct examinations, and confer degrees cohesively.
关键词：England;history of the university system;civic universities;liberal education;‘single/unitary’ university
