摘要：Biological management techniques act as a promising and sustainable alternative to alleviate pathogen-induced losses, improve ecosystem functions, and reinforce the resilience of agricultural systems. Lebanese squash production has been threatened by powdery mildew disease caused by the fungus Podosphaera xanthii. Very few studies, even unpublished ones, stress the evaluation of biological control approaches in the Lebanese agriculture sector. Here, we have aimed to evaluate the effect of five safe biological treatments (olive soap, sodium bicarbonate, garlic extract, horsetail, and compost tea) in the management of powdery mildew on Lebanese squash in organic open field conditions. Plants were treated after the first spots of powdery mildew appeared on leaves. We then examined the leaves to evaluate disease incidence and severity, and to compare the ability of the five treatments to reduce powdery mildew disease and incidence, in comparison with the untreated control. Plants treated with sodium bicarbonate and garlic extract were the least affected by powdery mildew regarding disease incidence and severity, while tea compost proved to be the least effective product. Organic management of vegetable crops is extremely important in order to ensure global food security and reduce pesticide applications.
