摘要：Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is an important water-quality parameter, and its estimation is very important for aquatic ecosystems, drinking water resources, and agro-industrial activities. In the presented study, a new support vector machine (SVM) method, which is improved by hybrid firefly algorithm–particle swarm optimization (FFAPSO), is proposed for the accurate estimation of the DO. Daily pH, temperature (T), electrical conductivity (EC), river discharge (Q) and DO data from Fountain Creek near Fountain, the United States, were used for the model development. Various combinations of pH, T, EC, and Q were used as inputs to the models to estimate the DO. The outcomes of the proposed SVM–FFAPSO model were compared with the SVM–PSO, SVM–FFA, and standalone SVM with respect to the root mean square errors (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and determination coefficient (R2), and graphical methods, such as scatterplots, and Taylor and violin charts. The SVM–FFAPSO showed a superior performance to the other methods in the estimation of the DO. The best model of each method was also assessed in multistep-ahead (from 1- to 7-day ahead) DO, and the superiority of the proposed method was observed from the comparison. The general outcomes recommend the use of SVM–FFAPSO in DO modeling, and this method can be useful for decision-makers in urban water planning and management.
