摘要：The Household Pulse Survey, recently released by the U.S. Census Bureau, gathers information about the respondents’ experiences regarding employment status, food security, housing, physical and mental health, access to health care, and education disruption. Design-based estimates are produced for all 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC), as well as 15 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Using public-use microdata, this paper explores the effectiveness of using unit-level model-based estimators that incorporate spatial dependence for the Household Pulse Survey. In particular, we consider Bayesian hierarchical model-based spatial estimates for both a binomial and a multinomial response under informative sampling. Importantly, we demonstrate that these models can be easily estimated using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo through the Stan software package. In doing so, these models can readily be implemented in a production environment. For both the binomial and multinomial responses, an empirical simulation study is conducted, which compares spatial and non-spatial models. Finally, using public-use Household Pulse Survey micro-data, we provide an analysis that compares both design-based and model-based estimators and demonstrates a reduction in standard errors for the model-based approaches.
