摘要：Prominent theory of upper echelons received significant attention from scholars. This view has been used to explain organizational performance from strategic leadership literature. Hambrick and Mason (1984) argued that organization is a reflection of its strategic leader because they are the actors who making and implementing strategic decisions. Afterwards, scholars have started to work on the connection between leader characteristics and organizational performance.Despite of common believed that strategic leaders have significant determination on performance, the conclusive finding of specific characteristics has not achieved yet (Finkeilstein, Hambrick, & Cannella, 2009). Previous studies found that performance will increase as their companies lead by short tenure executives (Puranam, 2001). On the other hand, the growth appeared to be sustain when companies are directed by senior executives (Sorenson, 1999). Other studies did not find any relationship (Boone, Brabander, & Wtteloostujin, 1996; Iaquinto & Frederickson, 1997; Balkin, Markman, & Gomez-Meija, 2000). Similar findings also generated for industrial setting. Each industry has not indicated a consistence result for each variable.
关键词：Turnaround Strategy;CEO Characteristics;Strategy Orientation;Indonesia Evidence;Turnaround Process
