摘要：Although fertilization and crop rotation practices are commonly used worldwide in agriculture to maximize crop yields, their long-term efect on the structures of soil microorganisms is still poorly understood. This study investigated the long-term impact of fertilization and crop rotation on soil microbial diversity and the microbial community structure in four diferent locations with three soil types. Since 1996, manure (MF; 330 kg N/ha), sewage sludge (SF; 330 and SF3x; 990 kg N/ha), and NPK (NPK; 330 kg N/ha) fertilizers were periodically applied to the soils classifed as chernozem, luvisol and cambisol, which are among the most abundant or fertile soils used for agricultural purposes in the world. In these soils, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were rotated every three years. Results: Soil chemistry, which was signifcantly associated with location, fertilization, crop rotation, and the interaction of fertilization and location, was the dominant driver of soil microbial communities, both prokaryotic and fungal. A direct efect of long-term crop rotation and fertilization on the structure of their communities was confrmed, although there was no evidence of their infuence on microbial diversity. Fungal and bacterial communities responded diferently to fertilization treatments; prokaryotic communities were only signifcantly diferent from the control soil (CF) in soils treated with MF and SF3x, while fungal communities difered across all treatments. Indicator genera were identifed for diferent treatments. These taxa were either specifc for their decomposition activities or fungal plant pathogens. Sequential rotation of the three crops restricted the growth of several of the indicator plant pathogens. Conclusions: Long-term fertilization and crop rotation signifcantly altered microbial community structure in the soil. While fertilization afected soil microorganisms mainly through changes in nutrient profle, crop rotations lead to the attraction and repulsion of specifc plant pathogens. Such changes in soil microbial communities need to be considered when planning soil management.
