出版社：Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University, National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, G.S.Kostiuk Institute of Psychology
摘要：The purpose of the study is to analyze psychological theories of stress and identify methods of overcoming it that can and should be used in wartime. Its urgency is due to the need to provide psychological assistance to servicemen and civilians who have experienced factors of exceptional intensity (shelling, injuries, death of loved ones). In accordance with the objective, the main tasks are identified: 1) to determine the essence of the concepts of “stress”, “combat stress”, “traumatic stress”, “post-traumatic stress”; 2) to find out the differences between the course of stress as a psycho-emotional state in conditions of war; 3) to analyze the main theories of stress research; 4) to describe the approaches to overcoming it, which are used within these theories and are appropriate for use in wartime. Methods. A set of methods of scientific research: theoretical analysis, generalization, comparison, systematization of facts, theoretical modeling, scientific interpretation are used to implement the key tasks. The results of the research. The paper presents the solution to an important academic issue related to the analysis of methods of overcoming psycho-emotional stress in war. There are three main types of stress that occur during war: combat, traumatic, and post-traumatic. The differences of the described varieties are determined and their nature is established, the latter consists in the action of stressors of exceptional strength, which determines the combination of physiological and psycho-emotional symptoms. In this regard, biological (related to the physiological nature of stress) and psychological theories are analyzed. According to biological theories, stress is a violation of the body’s balance between external influences and internal resources of the body, which fact outlines the main methods of overcoming it. According to these theories, methods aimed at attracting physiological resources of the body (rest, sleep, relaxation); restoration of disturbed psychophysiological functions (normalization of respiration, acquisition of control over the body); provision of basic needs (food, water, heat, hygiene). According to psychological theories, stress is characterized as an internal mental state of tension that determines the methods of overcoming it. For the treatment of combat stress, the BICEPS program (brevity, immediacy, centrality / contact, expectancy, proximity, simplicity) is presented, which is widespread in US military practice. To overcome the traumatic and post-traumatic stress of civilians, a number of methods of psychological and psychotherapeutic care have been proposed, including psycho-counseling, debriefing, crisis intervention, defusing, autogenic training techniques, rational, cognitive-behavioral, physical therapy, therapy and neurotherapy. Conclusions. Summarizing the theoretical and methodological positions of the study, two main areas of influence on the symptoms of psycho-emotional stress are identified: 1) impact on physiological aspects of life, including the satisfaction of basic human needs for food, warmth, hygiene; increase of physiological resources of an organism and restoration of the broken psychophysiological functions; 2) influence on psychological factors of behavior (motivation, value system, volitional characteristics) by means of psychological counseling, psychological rehabilitation and psychotherapy. Their use is effective in a complex, which will increase the impact on both psychological and physiological factors of stress formation.
