标题：The Modernization of Russian Statehood: National Outskirts in the Modernization Model of Russia at the beginning of the 20th сentury (on the Example of Kalmykia)
摘要：In the second half of the XIX - early XX century in the process of modernization of Russian statehood,national regions were also included, in particular the Kalmyk steppe (Kalmykia), as part of a multiethnicstate. Taking into account the peculiarities of their development, social reforms, reforms of publicadministration, self-government, administrative-territorial structure and other spheres were singled out intoseparate, sequential stages in the implementation of the general modernization policy of the Russian state.The preparatory stage and reforms of public administration, administrative-territorial structure and otherspheres of Kalmykia dragged on for almost half a century, in fact, until the beginning of the crisis in Russia.This part of the article examines the processes of modernization of the highest level of stateadministration of the Kalmyk steppe – the Administration of the Kalmyk people. As a result of thecentralization of management, it was withdrawn from the provincial department, subordinated directlyvertically to the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the status of a state institution of Russia with its own system ofsubordinate bodies – ulus administrations. Officials of state institutions of Kalmykia were integrated into theunified system of personnel policy of the country in accordance with the Table of Ranks. In accordance withthe general trend in the state apparatus of Kalmykia, the number of officials increased, and its stateadministration was subjected to bureaucratization.The complex of reforms also included the administrative-territorial reorganization of the Kalmyksteppe, which led to the transformation of local self-government of Kalmykia into the general system of thestate. There have been no significant changes in the judicial system. The estates of the judiciary of theKalmyk steppe, in fact, remained in the hands of the executive branch. As a result of the reform of themanagement of khurul (church) institutions, the highest clerical ranks in status were equated with civilservants and allocated into a separate independent class group.
