摘要：The study is devoted to the application of the principles of network organization by the Russian revolutionary movement in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the practical experience of using the network structure in organizing the movement of Russian revolutionaries. The research methodology is based on descriptive, comparative, and structural analysis. The research sources were formed based on archival materials, including unpublished documents from the funds of the Special Section of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, and the Main Military Court Directorate, as well as an extensive corpus of memoirs of contemporaries, participants, and opponents of the revolutionary movement. The analysis of sources showed that the network structure of the organization is formed based on the autonomous activity of the elements. Network structures for organizing underground activities were created by various revolutionary movements, including Narodnaya Volya, anarchists, social democrats, maximalists, socialist-revolutionaries, and Bolsheviks. The network organization corresponded to the needs, methods of struggle and the illegal position of the Russian revolutionary movement in the conditions of the suppression of political radicals by the authorities. The formation of "spider networks" allowed the revolutionaries to effectively ensure the "survival" of cells, solve problems associated with the risks of liquidation and the need for conspiracy, minimizing internal splits and social expansion. The network principle of organizing a revolutionary movement is recognized as optimal in the conditions of underground activity in the absence of a stable connection with the governing center and the use of repressive state measures. However, the organization of revolutionaries, built on the network principle, turned out to be unsuitable for seizing power, both because of the low degree of controllability of regional and local divisions, and the lack of effective mechanisms for coordinating their actions and consolidating resources.
