摘要：SummaryDiscovering the adaptation mechanisms of plants to the space environment is essential for supporting human space exploration. Transcriptomic analyses allow the identification of adaptation response pathways by detecting changes in gene expression at the global genome level caused by the main factors of the space environment, namely altered gravity and cosmic radiation. This article reviews transcriptomic studies carried out from plants grown in spaceflights and in different ground-based microgravity simulators. Despite differences in plant growth conditions, these studies have shown that cell wall remodeling, oxidative stress, defense response, and photosynthesis are common altered processes in plants grown under spaceflight conditions. European scientists have significantly contributed to the acquisition of this knowledge, e.g., by showing the role of red light in the adaptation response of plants (EMCS experiments) and the mechanisms of cellular response and adaptation mostly affecting cell cycle regulation, using cell cultures in microgravity simulators.Graphical abstractDisplay OmittedHighlights•Cell wall, photosynthesis, and stress response are key in plant adaptation to space•DNA methylation and alternative splicing are among the involved molecular mechanisms•Light is an essential factor for plant development, even more in the space environment•EMCS and simulation cell culture experiments are the main European contributionsPlant biology; Omics; Space sciences; Microgravity sciences
