摘要：Improving sustainability in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain (PSC) becomes the primary concern for its involved members. It lends major challenges to its management as it has economic, social, and environmental responsibilities more weighed than other supply chains. Providing the day-to-day need for medicines must be satisfied while taking into account the use of the economic resource, customer satisfaction, and the impact of pharmaceutical waste on the environment. Medicines waste affects healthcare expenses and harms the environment. Therefore, avoiding unused medication leftover through the pharmaceutical chain presents an efficient approach to attaining a sustainable supply of medicines. This article aims to deal with the sustainability of a PSC by minimizing the deterioration rate of medicines at both distributor and hospitals sites. We propose an inventory management model based on a mixed-integer non-linear program (MINLP) that seeks the optimal replenishment order quantity of multiple types of products and the shipment time in a two-echelon PSC consisting of a pharmaceutical company (PC), a central pharmacy (CP), and multiple hospitals over a planning horizon, while considering shipment costs, perishability, and shortage constraints.
