标题：Unpacking ‘sustainable’ cocoa: do sustainability standards, development projects and policies address producer concerns in Indonesia, Cameroon and Peru
摘要：‘Sustainable cocoa’ has attracted considerable attention. However, stakeholders in cocoadevelopment may differ in their understanding of sustainable cocoa, their interests andactions taken in advancing sustainable cocoa. This article analyses cocoa sustainability atnested scales and analyses to what extent sustainability standards, policies and developmentprojects address sustainability concerns and contribute to ecosystem services. The analysis isbased on literature reviews and key informant interviews in Sulawesi (Indonesia), Ucayali(Peru) and Centre Region (Cameroon). Producers in all three countries shared concerns ofprice volatility, weak farmer organizations and dependence on few buyers. Producers inSulawesi and Centre Region compensated low returns to cocoa production by diversificationof cocoa systems. Public and private development actors were concerned with low production volumes. Research has so far focused on biodiversity loss, which differed depending onthe cocoa sector’s age in a country. Policies and development programs in all countries havefocused on cocoa sector expansion and productivity increases, irrespective of smallholderneeds for economically viable farming systems and existing market structures resulting inlittle bargaining power to farmers. Sustainability standards have spread unevenly and haveconverged in compliance criteria over time, although initially differing in focus. Recentlyadded business and development criteria of sustainability standards can potentially addressfarmers’ concerns. Competing interests and interdependencies between different actors’responses to concerns have so far not been openly acknowledged by public and privatesector actors.
关键词：Cocoa;sustainabilitystandards;issue-attentioncycle;swing potential;global value chain;development;policy
