摘要：In landscapes worldwide, trees in forests and agricultural lands have important ecologicalfunctions. Their loss may have important consequences for the delivery of ecosystem services(ES) to local communities, even if individual trees have low conservation values. This studyexplores the effect of land use and land use change on the provisioning of tree-related ES in amixed Afromontane landscape in Ethiopia. First, we mapped the current distribution of treerelated ES using indicator ES, which represent the most characteristic ES for different land usetypes. More ES were characteristic for indigenous forest and agroforest, compared to exoticforest, cropland, and rangeland. A scenario analysis was conducted on the effect of treespecies loss and restoration (RES) on ES. Two ES indices, ES diversity and ES multifunctionality,were used to evaluate the ES supply. The different behavior of the two ES indices in thespecies loss scenarios suggests that rare species have distinct traits that provide specific ES,which could not be compensated by the remaining common species. In tree species-poorlandscapes, local communities prefer multifunctional tree species and these keep the diversity of ES supply high. Overall, our findings demonstrate that future conservation andrestoration programs in mixed landscapes should both protect a large diversity of treespecies, including rare tree species, and promote multifunctional keyston species to ensurea long-term and diverse ES supply.
关键词：Land use change;extinction;conservation;scenarioanalysis;ecosystem servicediversity;ecosystem servicemultifunctionality
