标题：Proposal of indicators regarding the provision and accessibility of green spaces for assessing the ecosystem service “recreation in the city” in Germany
摘要：The paper summarises the multiple benefits of urban green spaces for city dwellers andprovides an overview of proximity approaches and common key parameters for green-spacequantification in cities. We propose indicators for the assessment of the ecosystem service‘recreation in the city’ on a national scale. The calculation procedure, which takes intoaccount the best available data sets in Germany, is explained. The determination of thresholdvalues regarding green-space standards comprising type, size and distance is crucial to suchstudies. The results, the degree of provision with public green spaces in all German cities withmore than 50,000 inhabitants (n = 182) and their accessibility, are presented. In total, greenspaces are accessible for daily recreation for 74.3% of the inhabitants in German cities, whichmeans that underprovision affects 8.1 million city dwellers. Some indicator details are shownfor the examples of Wiesbaden and Stuttgart. Finally, we discuss the approach and values ofthe proposed and quantified indicators in a German and European context.
