摘要：Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are widely acknowledged as important but are oftenneglected by ecosystem service assessments, leading to a representational bias. This reflectsthe methodological challenges associated with producing robust and repeatable CES valuations. Here we provide a comparative analysis of three approaches for non-monetary valuation of CES, namely a structured survey, participatory GIS (PGIS) and GPS tracking methods.These were used to assess both recreation and aesthetic value of habitats within the NewForest National Park, UK. The association of CES with habitats enabled results of all threemethods to be visualised at the landscape scale using maps, strengthening their value toconservation management. Broadleaved woodland and heathland habitats were consistentlyvalued highly for both CES, whereas agricultural land tended to be associated with lowvalues. Results obtained by the different methods were positively correlated in 6 out of 10comparisons, indicating a degree of consistency between them. The spatial distribution ofCES values at the landscape scale was also generally consistent between the three methods.These results highlight the value of comparative analyses of CES for identifying robust results,providing a way forward for their inclusion in land management decision-making.
