摘要：Understanding how drivers of change affect ecosystem services (ES) is of great importance.Indicators of ES can be developed based on biophysical measures and be used to investigatethe service flow from ecosystems to socio-ecological systems. However, the ES concept ismultivariate and the use of normalized composite indicators reduces complexity and facilitates communication between science and policy. The aim of this study is to analyze howland use change affects ES and species richness and how the effects are modified byenvironmental factors by using composite indicators based on biophysical indicators. Usingmultivariate and regression analyses, we analyze the effect of grazing management abandonment in semi-natural grasslands in Norway on six ES: nutrient cycling, pollination, foragequality, aesthetics and global and regional climate regulation in addition to species richnessalong soil and climate gradients. Nutrient cycling, forage quality, regional climate regulation,aesthetics and species richness are larger in managed compared to abandoned grasslands.There are trade-offs among ES as different management strategies provide various ES andthese trade-offs vary along environmental gradients. Management policies that aim to conserve ES need to have conservation goals that are context dependent, should recognize EStrade-offs and be adapted to local conditions.
