摘要：This study analyzed the interactions among a set of ecosystem services (ES) and derived ESbundles in the Headwaters of Coal River West Virginia (WV), in the Central Appalachians, an areahistorically characterized by surface mining and coal extraction. ES were modeled using theInVEST system, while a custom model was used to link water quality to freshwater ES, derivinginformation at two different spatial scales based on hydrologic units. High-resolution remotesensing data (1–2 m resolution) were used to incorporate historical information from land-cover(LC) transitions since 1976 to differentiate reclamation processes and characterize the forest class.Consistent ES tradeoffs were confirmed in areas characterized by surface mining processes thatreported significant losses of carbon sequestration, habitat quality , and freshwater ES. Theinteraction of complex anthropogenic processes within the specific landscape led to the definition of different ES bundles, characterized not only by coal mining processes but also by thedistribution of settlements and developed areas. The utilization of relatively small hydrologiccatchments (1–25 km2), the comparison with a more extensive set of spatial units, and theinclusion of high-resolution data with multiple LC classes that included historical information,allowed the authors to infer knowledge about the interactions between ES changes and theirdrivers in the study area. The results can be used to implement conservation, as well asdevelopment-restoration strategies, by including ES assessments to promote a more sustainableland management approach in the rural-mining region of Central Appalachians and supportfuture alternatives to extractive economies.
关键词：Ecosystem services bundles;tradeoffs and synergies;freshwater ecosystemservices;surface mining;reclamation;historicaldynamics
