摘要：The term ‘adaptation’ is commonplace in conservation research and practice, but oftenwithout a reflection on the assumptions, expectations, or frames of reference used to definegoals and actions. Communities of practice (e.g. conservation researchers, protected areasmanagers) have different interpretations of climate change impacts on biodiversity anddifferent ways of defining, operationalizing and implementing adaptation. Their cognitiveand motivational expectations for the future are associated with different paths to reach suchdesired futures. To understand how adaptation is framed in conservation, we undertooka systematic review with a thematic synthesis of the definitions of the term as used in theacademic conservation literature. From a sample of 150 articles, only 36 provided a definitionof adaptation. We critically appraised the explicit definitions to identify emergent themes thatrepresent particular adaptation approaches. Themes were then grouped, and each group wasassigned to a scholarly tradition, onto-epistemological approach and theoretical perspective.Based on theoretical perspectives on social change, we propose a framework (includingindividual cognitive basis, social interactions, and openness to alternatives) to analyse howchange is framed in the definitions and how the framings influence adaptation options. Thegrouped themes represent passive, active, or indirect adaptation approaches. We used thesethemes to generate a conceptual model to guide conservation researchers and practitionersengaged in climate adaptation research, policy and management to aid reflection andunderstanding of the options available to design adaptation agendas and allow negotiationof diverse interests, views and expectations about the future.
关键词：Climate adaptation;biodiversity conservation;narratives of change;thematic review;ontology;epistemology;futuresthinking
