摘要：We analyzed lead concentrations in bones from both genders of Japanese merchants (including rohnin ; masterless samurai) and farmer classes, and compared the findings with those of the samurai class in the Edo period (1603-1867) to clarify gender and hierarchical (or occupational) differences in lead exposure during the Japanese feudal age. Merchant class females had significantly higher lead exposure (90.8 μ g Pb/g dry bone; n=20) than males of the same class (39.9 μ g Pb/g dry bone; n=31) ( p <0.01), indicating a remarkable gender difference in the urban population. In contrast to these high concentrations, males and females of the farmer class living in agricultural (or semi-rural) areas had significantly lower exposure (total mean value; 9.2 μ g Pb/g dry bone; n=4) than both genders of the merchant class ( p <0.001), and the gender difference was not significant in this class.
关键词：Gender and hierarchical differences;Lead contamination of human bones;Edo period;Lifestyle;Aristocratic characteristics
