Pneumatic muscle actuators (PMAs) have the highest power/weight ratio and power/volume ratio of any actuator. Therefore, they can be used not only in the rehabilitation engineering, but also as an actuator in robots, including industrial robots and therapy robots. It is difficult to achieve excellent tracking performance using classical control methods because the compressibility of gas and the nonlinear elasticity of bladder container causes parameter variations. An adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control is developed in this study. The fuzzy sliding surface can be used to reduce fuzzy rule numbers, and the adaptive control law is used to modify fuzzy rules on-line. A model matching technique is then adopted to adjust scaling factors. The experimental results show that this control strategy can attain excellent tracking performance.